Counseling Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Counseling - Annotated Bibliography Example It discusses and explains how counseling professionals are using this new technology to advance their career. In the journal, the professionals are taking advantage of the web and advertising their offices and the services they  offer. Only a few counselors are  counsel  through the web. Cabaniss, K. discusses how with technology, the counselor  education  has improved and enhanced multiplication of counselors. However, he states that the growth of the  industry  further  inhibited by the limited amount of information on counseling. The  journal  thus  talks on the urgency of counseling  literature  to be made available in the internet. This journal discusses the obstacles that the middle aged kids and their families in their efforts to  support  their children in  development  and achievements of their  academic  goals. It also discusses the outreach programs that can be embraced to help  fight  these limitations. Chang, T. &. Chang, R.; (2004). Counseling and the Internet:Asian American and Asian International college students’ attitudes toward seeking online professional psychological help. Journal of College Counseling , 140-149. Chang T, in this article, explains the notion that foreign students have towards seeking online  help  once they  get  to America. Because of the adjustment issues,  culture  shocks and other  general  obstacles they face, many seek psychological help. The article reviews the  opinion  the students  have  against online  psychological  help. In this article, it displays evidence that technological counselor education been embraced. The students who benefit from it  have  certain  attitudes and opinions towards the  new  era  technology has brought. Some embrace it while others evidently prefer the traditional methods. The journal is about internet applications and how they  promote  counseling. Sampson believes that counselor’s jobs been made easier in this era of World Wide Web (WWW)

Ghetto Formation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ghetto Formation - Essay Example Its sheer size has induced a constant exchange and migration of people who move to facilitate employment, education, achievement of social status or family improvement. Thesis Formation of ghettoes is a cause of the problems of racial discrimination and segregation persisted despite the upheavals of war and the changes brought by social progress. Formation of ghettoes is caused by racial differences and racism, racial discrimination and oppression. Historically, the formation of the ghettoes was a response of newly arrived immigrants to the confusion and strangeness of the nineteenth-century city. Originally these "ghettos" were merely ethnic enclaves on a par with a series of other ethnic concentrations. This ethnic enclave based upon language difference or foreign origin became a fixture of urban areas. It was a form of social protection and expression and a testimony to the pluralist character of national life (Edwardson 339). During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, dozens of such immigrant clusters dotted the cities. These neighborhoods provided the setting for the drama of ethnic group life (Purdy 457). Today, critics underline the emergence of a new type of ghetto, 'outcast ghetto' "as a result of industrial decentralization and globalization. [It is] composed only of the poorest segments of subjugated racialized groups (mostly blacks and Hispanics) who are marginal to current production needs" (Walks and Bourne 29). It is important to note that seclusion can be voluntary or involuntary. In modern cities, the seclusion is voluntary used as a protective measures against racial segregation and racial oppression. In ghettoes people condition the common attitude and expectations with regard to the family and residential life of ethnic groups within the larger urban society. The ethnic neighborhoods almost always establish a picture in the public mind of poor living conditions and social disorganization (Fay 217). For over a century this picture was transmitted to a nation dominated by rural, native-born citizens, who prided themselves on their isolation from "foreign" influences and w hose virtues of self-reliance and stability contrasted with the disorders of the struggling urban immigrant groups. Today, the fluidity of urban society creates a great hunger for social status. Distinctions based on ethnic and racial characteristics become important instruments in the status seeking. Following Thabit (2003, 56) rising educational levels have reduced the crudity of the prejudices and stereotypes inherited from the immigration experience, that experience is too sustained and significant not to leave lasting impressions. The Negro areas have become something unique in their size and persistence (Winant 34). They are striking testimonies to the extension of racism right into the most advanced and active portions of society. The concentration of people of color in the "black belts" or urban centers has made a full-scale national phenomenon of a system of racial attitudes and restrictions which is formerly a regional condition.The greatest motivating force behind the mov ement of minority families in the urban centers, however, is the desire to overcome the housing problems. The desire for family improvement has been the positive element of this drive and has led to strenuous efforts to escape the old areas for newer ones (Chekki 585; Glazier 78). The movement

Quantative analysis of caffeine content

Quantative analysis of caffeine content Caffeine was extracted from decaffeinated coffee and normal tea using DCM as the solvent and compared with prepared solutions of caffeine using reverse phase HPLC. The experimentally determined result was a caffeine concentration of 7.598?g/ml for decaffeinated coffee compared with 5.9?g/ml reference and 0.4049mg/ml for tea against 0.26mg/ml[1]*. Introduction Caffeine (1) is the most commonly consumed non-prescription stimulant. It is a member of the xanthine (2) family[1] and is structurally related to other plant alkaloids such as theobromine (3), commonly found in cocoa beans and chocolate. The average person in the UK drinks over thee cups of tea a day,[2] and so quantatively knowing the amount of caffeine that is contained in a cup of tea is particularly important. Caffeine acts on certain adenosine receptors in the brain[3], although there is evidence that action on these specific receptors may stimulate others such as dopamine receptors, commonly associated with reward[4]. More chronic effects of caffeine consumption include irritability, impaired concentration, muscle-aches, nausea, vomiting and blurred vision[5]. HPLC denotes high pressure liquid chromatography. In this experiment, reverse phase HPLC was used, meaning that partially polar organic solvents were used as a mobile phase against a non-polar stationary phase, in this case, octadecyl silane chains[6]. HPLC is a useful tool in analysing quickly and accurately relative abundances of various chemicals contained within a sample. The experiment was undertaken to evaluate the caffeine content in an average cup of tea and an average cup of decaffeinated coffee. Experimental The experiment was carried out according to the University of Bristol Second Year Laboratory Manual. Results were analysed by reverse HPLC using an isocratic solvent system consisting of 10 mM ammonium acetate, methanol and tetrahydrofuran at a ratio of 90:8.5:1.5. The non-polar phase featured octadecyl silane chains at a particle size of 5 ?m. The injection volume was 10 ?l, flow rate was 1.5ml min-1 with UV monitoring at 273nm. Preparation of Tea One tea bag was added to 200ml of boiling deionised water and boiled (ca. 10 minutes) with occasional agitation. Tea bag was removed and solution allowed to cool to room temperature. Sodium chloride (5g, 0.856moles) added with calcium hydroxide (1g, 0.0135moles) twice filtered by Bà ¼chner filtration. 20ml transferred to extraction funnel, extracted with DCM (20ml) three times. Magnesium sulphate added to dry DCM thoroughly of all water. Evaporated to dryness via rotary evaporation. Remaining solid dissolved in DCM and made up to 20ml. Preparation of Decaffeinated Coffee 1.50g of Decaffeinated Coffee granules was added to 200ml of boiling water and allowed to cool to room temperature. Calcium hydroxide added (1g, 0.0135moles) to decaffeinated coffee solution. Solution twice filtered via Bà ¼chner filtration. 20ml of solution transferred to extraction funnel and extracted with three equivalents of DCM (20ml). Magnesium sulphate added to dry the DCM, Bà ¼chner filtered and evaporated to dryness via rotary evaporation. Remaining solid dissolved in DCM and made up to 20ml. Results and Discussion The tea solution was originally brown and transparent, and the coffee was black. Addition of calcium hydroxide changed the colour of both solutions to an opaque dark brown. Tannins are precipitated by lime water, and so this is likely to be what precipitated out in the tea and coffee solution.[7] This precipitate was then removed by Buchner filtration. It was also found that both solutions, coffee especially, readily formed emulsions and bubbles in the extraction funnel, and so a large quantity of magnesium sulphate was needed to remove all water from the extractions. This may have interfered with the full extraction of the caffeine. The absorption intensity for Tea was 7108493 units. Substituting this into equation 1 allows us to calculate the caffeine concentration in Tea. The solved concentration is 0.4049mg/ml. The absorption intensity for Decaffeinated Coffee was 79233 units. Substituting into equation 1 allows us to calculate the caffeine concentration in decaffeinated coffee. The solved concentration is 0.007598mg/ml. Errors in solution concentration The error for the balance used to measure out the caffeine powder for the standard solutions was  ±0.00005g. The error for the 20ml volumetric flasks used was  ±0.1ml. Substituting these to find maximum and minimum values into the moles equation allows for accurate error analysis. Substituting these values into the data and plotting onto a graph grants the ability to draw the same graph above with error boxes. It also allows for maximum and minimum gradients to be drawn with the maximum and minimum values. From this information precise errors in the concentration of tea and decaffeinated coffee can be calculated. Substituting maximum values into a graph enables the gradient and intercept to be calculated, and hence the positive error in caffeine concentration of the tea and decaffeinated coffee solutions. The same can be done with minimum values. Substituting in values of absorbance for tea gives a maximum value of 0.4069mg/ml and minimum value of 0.4029mg/ml. For decaffeinated coffee the maximum value of 7.639?g/ml and minimum value of 7.558?g/ml. Literature values for the caffeine content of decaffeinated coffee are in the region of 0.5-1.5mg per 177.44ml1, which is between 0.0003-0.009mg/ml. This is close to the recorded value of 7.598?g/ml  ± . The literature values for the caffeine content in tea are 15-75mg/ml per 177.44ml, which is between 0.088-0.440mg/ml. This is close to the recorded value of 0.4049mg/ml  ± . Both of the obtained values are within the range given in reference; however both results are in the upper end of values that should be obtained. This could be due to poor measurement of either the reference caffeine peaks or instant coffee measurement. Conclusion The isolation of caffeine from tea and instant coffee was successful and the values obtained from the quantative analysis of a sample by reverse HPLC compared favourably to reference values. More accurate values for caffeine content could be obtained by larger quantities of instant coffee samples and by repetition of assays involving caffeine extraction from tea. The importance of defining the quantity of caffeine in decaffeinated coffee is important since the concentration must remain low. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my demonstrators Jack Davidson and Chun Zhu for helping me with the experiment and my lab partner Ben Gough. References B. A. Weinberg,B. K. Bealer, The world of caffeine: the science and culture of the worlds most popular drug, Routledge (2001) pp. 216. G. A. Spiller, Caffeine, CRC Press, (1998) pp. 38. U. Gupta, Caffeine and behavior: current views and research trends, CRC Press (1999) pp. 1. R. S. J. Frackowiak, Human brain function, Academic Press (2004) pp. 446. B. A. Weinberg, B. K. Bealer, The world of caffeine: the science and culture of the worlds most popular drug, Routledge (2001) pp. 304. University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Level 2 Teaching Laboratory Manual 2009/2010. P. J. Van Soest, Nutritional ecology of the ruminant, Cornell University Press (1994) pp. 204-205.

Communication in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Communication in The Joy Luck Club Sadly, the characters revealed in The Joy Luck Club have personal histories so complicated by cultural and emotional misunderstandings that their lives are spent in failed attempts to cross the chasms created by these circumstances. Lindo Jong provides the reader with a summary of her difficulty in passing along the Chinese culture to her daughter: â€Å"I wanted my children to have the best combination: American circumstances and Chinese character. How could I know these two things do not mix? I taught her how American circumstances work. If you are born poor here, it's no lasting shame . . . You do not have to sit like a Buddha under a tree letting pigeons drop their dirty business on your head . . . In America, nobody says you have to keep the circumstances somebody else gives you. . . . but I couldn't teach her about Chinese character . . . How to know your own worth and polish it, never flashing it around like a cheap ring. Why Chinese thinking is best†(Tan 289). Each of the Chinese mothers attempted to guide her daughters, yet they were ill equipped to translate their life experiences in China to the alien environment they found in America. It was their lives, not their language, that they were unable to translate. Like her friend Lindo, An Mei Hsu was raised the Chinese way, as she describes: " . . . taught to desire nothing, to swallow other people's misery, to eat my own bitterness. And even though I taught my daughter the opposite, still she came out the same way! Maybe it is because she was born to me and she was born a girl. And I was born to my mother and I was born a girl. All of us are like stairs, one step after another, going up and down, but all going the same way"(Tan 289). As the story unfolds, both mothers and daughters are forced to face "truths" that their own private histories had previously blinded them to. Yet, as readers, we must ask "what is truth?" When a person lives their life according to that which they believe to be true, does their belief not become the truth itself, with the conventional "truth" then becoming a lie? As the characters begin to face their past demons, in order to resolve their personal conflicts (both internal and external), the reader begins to hope that their might be resolution.

Career Goal Essay

My short term goal – immediately upon completion of the MBA – is to enter the field of FMCG marketing. My aim is to take up a challenging product marketing position with a top global consumer goods company. This role would give me the opportunity to identify target market segments, and devise strategies to tap into them. By working on the design and execution of marketing campaigns, I will be able to combine my newly acquired business skills with my inherent creativity and channel it in a way that helps my organization grow. I have deep interest in gaining extensive learning in the field of marketing. Over a period of a few years I aim to become an expert in end-to-end marketing strategy and execution. This expertise will help me achieve my longer term goal – to set up a niche marketing consultancy for the health foods and nutrition snacks sector. My consultancy will provide a one-stop solution for marketing and promotion activities such as market research, market targeting and segmentation and implementation of marketing programs. My firm will allow me to leverage my love of marketing for bringing healthy food supplements that benefit society as a whole. Through my work in commercial sales, I have gained experience in understanding complex and fragmented market landscapes, identifying market gaps that the business can serve, bridging operational ability with market needs and negotiating with suppliers and customers. I have learned the art of managing customer expectations and building strong customer relationships even under difficult delivery constraints and economic conditions. All of these will be valuable in my marketing career. Additionally, the MBA degree will help me address the gaps that presently exist in my competencies. The MBA program will give me exposure to multi-domain business knowledge from finance to supply chain to human resources to technology. More importantly, it will help me understand the interplay between business functions, and between the business and its competitive environment. This will be instrumental in devising optimal marketing strategies that best serve the organization’s vision. Through the MBA, I will also gain expertise in the use of popular marketing frameworks to identify market needs and gaps, and determine appropriate pricing strategies. Soft skills, such as presentation and communication skills, are also vital to success in marketing. The MBA degree will greatly help me enhance my soft skills. It will also give me the  opportunity to network and build professional relationships with peers and alumni – who themselves are successful business executives. These networks will be instrumental in my career growth as well as in establishing my business venture in the future. The comprehensive set of competencies that the MBA will equip me with makes will give me the perfect platform to reach my career objectives.

Immanuel Kant’s Philosophy Essay

If a billionaire were to leave behind all his fortune but makes a dying request to donate $1 million to his favourite football team when the same can be used for a better cause, what would one do? Donating it to charity would seem like the right thing to do, but the answer to it, according to Kant would be quite the opposite. Here, it’s not the consequences that determine the rightness of an action. Rightness is in accordance with morality. According to Immanuel Kant’s views, a supreme moral principle must entail an absolute necessity and should be done out of duty. He believes that, only actions that emanate out of a sense of duty are moral actions and any act performed keeping one’s own self-interest in mind are, regarded as actions that are not born out of morality. For an example, consider a shopkeeper who is at the liberty of pricing his goods. He could over charge the customers and attain increased profits but that would be an act contrary to one’s morals. He could also choose to price his goods inexpensively, in order to increase the sales. However, in this case, he is acting is a way to ultimately benefit himself and not out of morality. Morality ultimately rests not on sense, experience or feelings, but on reason. If the same shopkeeper, sets fair prices merely because it’s the right thing and not for the fear of getting caught, then he is fulfilling his duty to morality. Furthermore, Kant feels morality is something one ought to adhere to, unconditionally, that is, without doing so to gain any reward or merit. For example, if one senses the possibility of a robbery occurring, one must report it to the police out of a sense of duty as he is in a position to do so. Then his action is a moral one. However, if he were to do so, with hopes of making the headlines and getting rewarded, then in this case, he acts out of self-interest and such an action is not considered a moral one. According to the Kantian philosophy, the one thing that’s good in itself, without qualification, is good will. He believes in the existence of an element of certain common sense in the foundation of moral law, which arises out of good will. Morality is valuable in its own right and not based on the fact that it has instrumental value. All other intrinsic goods, moral or intellectual, can serve the vicious will and accord to evil deeds. They are only morally valuable, if accompanied by a good will. Honor can lead to pride. Not even success and happiness is good in themselves. Thus, a good will is good not in virtue of wanting to bring about happiness, but in virtue of wanting to obey the moral law. For Immanuel Kant, motive is the antecedent of all moral worth and not consequences. He argues that one must perform moral duty solely for its own sake i. e. , duty for duty’s sake. Some conform to the moral duty they presume it in their own enlightened self-interest to be moral. Rightness of actions is determined by their accordance with morality. In order to decide order to decide whether an action was moral or not it is not enough for one to simply help the person in need, but their intention behind providing the aid has to be known. Even if one were to provide aid to someone in need out of a sense of compassion, it would not be considered a moral action according to Kant as it was motivated by emotion. For example, a father playing baseball with his son, should do so out of a sense of duty and not because he loves him. For Kant, the only acceptable motive for a moral action was a sense of duty. The reason is that the consequences of an act are often beyond our control and hence cannot be used to gauge the morality of an action . For Kant, an unsuccessful attempted murder is as bad as a successful one because they had identical motives. It didn’t matter to Kant, if an act was act performed improperly or left unfinished. For example, if a fire-fighter in an attempt to save a man from reducing into ashes, accidently gets him killed having performed the act erroneously, such an act would still be considered a moral one by Kant as the fire-fighter was carrying out his duty. Consider another illustration, Two soldiers volunteer to cross enemy lines to contact their allies on the other side. Both start off and do their best to get through the enemy area. One succeeds; the other doesn’t and is captured. But, aren’t they both morally praiseworthy? The success of one in no way detracts from the goodness of the other. Kant considered the duties that instigate moral actions as absolute. For him, moral duties are said to have imperative nature and they were to be followed irrespective of the consequences. And this is termed as ‘Categorical imperatives or duty’ and this can be categorized into two: where in the examples of ‘Hypothetical’ duties included, â€Å"If you want a good job, get good education. † Whereas, ‘Categorical Imperatives’ suggests the intrinsically right thing to do like, â€Å"Tell the truth. † But Kant believed that, for an action to be moral, the motive behind the action and the principle underlying the action (maxim) must be universally applicable. For example, one is expected not to honk near hospitals, one must be kind to old and disabled etc. Categorical or unqualified as they recognize the imperial status of moral obligations, unlike Hypothetical. Any actions done in violation of Kantian theory would be considered immoral. Kant also persuades people not to view others as a means to an end and degrade the value of human life. But to respect them for the person they are. For example, one should be polite to people they meet without anticipating any favour, in return. On the other hand, he feels all that choices should be autonomous as every single person is capable of reason. Our natural inclinations and influences shouldn’t limit our choices. This very briefly summarizes Immanuel Kant’s view on Morality. Kant’s views outline a clear structure of moral judgments but firstly, he fails to provide us with guidelines as to how go about taking rightful moral decisions when faced with tough situations. For example, if one has to lie about a friend’s presence in order to save his life, to choose between speaking the truth and protecting the friend leaves one in a fix as the universal maxims seem to conflict each other. Further, Kant disregards the emotional aspect that is involved in everyday decision making process, by expecting people to alienate feelings like compassion, pity etc. He also seems to completely ignore the consequences of one’s actions, which is quite impractical when looked at, from a practical point of view. Finally, there is no mention of how certain acts are clearly immoral while he strongly advocates the following of universally applicable maxims. As much as his views bear an influence, his principles find very little effectiveness and practical applicability in one’s daily life. Bibliography – BOOKS AND WEBSITES AND MORE – 1) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – plato. stanford. edu 2) Encyclopedia on Philosophy published by Macmillan. 3) Kant’s search for the Supreme Principle of Morality by Samuel J. Kirstein 4) Ethical theory of Immanuel Kant – bellevuecollege. edu.